Organised and White-Collar Crime
Organised crime involves groups or operations run by criminals. Organised crime is commonly motivated by a desire to generate money, and includes activities such as drugs-trafficking, trafficking in people, extortion and kidnapping for profit. The term also refers to highly organised groups involved in activities motivated by political rather than monetary gain, such as terrorism. White-collar crime is "a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation" (Sutherland, E., 1949,White Collar Crime). Our work on this topic includes working on intervention strategies to prevent organised crime and we are currently working closely with the Scottish Crime and Drug Enforcement Agency (SCDEA) on organised crime prevention.
Related News
Donna Yates joins culture summit debate
24th August 2016
Dr Donna Yates joined an expert panel for a radio discussion about cultural heritage to coincide with Edinburgh International Culture Summit. Dr Yates, an expert in the field of art crime and antiquities trafficking, took part in a Newshour debate titled What’s The Cost of Preserving the Past? You can listen to the discussion here. She was joined by Dr Maamoun Abdulkarim, Director...
Trafficking Culture researchers join landmark UNESCO round table in Paris
4th April 2016
Researchers from the Trafficking Culture team have participated in a UNESCO round table event in Paris on the illicit trafficking of cultural property. Dr Donna Yates, Dr Neil Brodie and Dr Christos Tsirogiannis joined the discussion about what can be done to restrict the movement of stolen cultural items now and in the immediate future. After the round table Dr Yates spoke to Janie...
Donna Yates talks to the media about major museum thefts
1st March 2016
Dr Donna Yates was interviewed for Radio 4’s Today programme and STV news after 14 members of organised crime gangs were convicted of stealing artefacts from museums worth nearly £60m. She told John Humphrys it was clear there was a large market in China for illicit antiquities – specifically, rhinoceros horn and small but very valuable Chinese antiquities – and that those...
Donna Yates talks Trafficking Culture in post-earthquake Nepal
8th July 2015
Picture: Donna Yates Dr Donna Yates will present an overview of the work of the Trafficking Culture team in Nepal next week, during a 10-day visit to observe heritage site security measures following the country’s April earthquake. Dr Yates will speak on ‘Stolen Gods: Criminological Approaches to the Illicit Trade in Antiquities from the Trafficking Culture Project’ at...
Trafficking Culture in the News
30th April 2015

The work of SCCJR Research Assistant Christos Tsirogiannis has received extensive press coverage after The Scotsman reported on auction house Christie’s withdrawing auction lots for sales amid...
Watch video clip about counterfeiting and intellectual propery crime research
15th July 2010
SCCJR’s Simon Mackenzie talks about his work in this research soundbite, click here to watch. In it he discusses that corporate negative externalities occur when corporations place some of the costs of their profit-seeking activity onto society. The research he discusses suggests that the current global problem of intellectual property crime is such an externality, and that it has not...
SCCJRs Simon Mackenzie to speak at UN Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders
15th March 2010
Simon Mackenzie has been invited by the International Scientific and Professional Advisory Council of the UN Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme to speak at a workshop at the 12th UN Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders in Brazil in April 2010. The workshop is called ‘Protecting cultural property: the state of the art’ and Simon...
Related Projects
A Systematic Review of Police Interventions against Serious Organised Crime
This research project is being undertaken as one of the work packages included in a series coordinated by the What Works Centre for Crime Reduction (WWCCR), hosted by the UK College of Policing. It focuses on the extent to which law enforcement disruption interventions effective in reducing the level of threat and harm posed by organised crime groups and networks. Specifically, this research...
Public procurement processes and resillience against infiltration of organized crime
Ongoing. A collaborative project being undertaken with the Scottish Crime and Drug Enforcment Agency with the support of the Scottish Government...
Policing organised crime: effectively measuring performance
SCCJR was commissioned by the Scottish Crime and Drug Enforcement Agency (SCDEA) to help them review their existing performance indicators. This included a review of different models for measuring performance used in other public sector agencies. The work was undertaken in 2009, and the recommendations coming out of the work were adopted by the Agency and written into their business plan.
The International Market in Illicit Antiquities
Simon Mackenzie has conducted two empirical research projects into looted antiquities to date. The first was a study of the regulatory structure which governs the international market, coupled with a focus on dealers and their role in creating and sustaining demand for illicit artefacts (2001-2004). Output from this study can be found in several journal articles as well as in the book Going,...
Organised Crime Mapping Project
Simon Mackenzie and Niall Hamilton-Smith worked in collaboration with the Scottish Government and the Scottish Crime and Drug Enforcement Agency to review evidence on the effectiveness of existing techniques for assessing the threat posed by organised crime, and to develop a new Scottish tool for assessing the threat posed by organised crime groups in Scotland. The work ran from 2008 to 2009 and...
Related Publications
A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Asset-Focussed Interventions Against Organised Crime
Atkinson, C., Mackenzie, S. and Hamilton-Smith, N. (2017), A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Asset-Focussed Interventions Against Organised Crime. What Works: Crime Reduction Systematic Review Series No9.
Trafficking Cultural Objects and Human Rights
Mackenzie, S. and Yates, D. (2016), ‘Trafficking Cultural Objects and Human Rights’, in L. Weber, E. Fishwick and M. Marmo (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Criminology and Human Rights (London: Routledge)
Collectors on illicit collecting: higher loyalties and other techniques of neutralization in the unlawful collecting of rare and precious orchids and antiquities
Mackenzie, S. and Yates, D. (2015) Collectors on illicit collecting: higher loyalties and other techniques of neutralization in the unlawful collecting of rare and precious orchids and antiquities. Theoretical Criminology. doi: 10.1177/1362480615607625. Online First: http://tcr.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/11/09/1362480615607625.abstract
Museums, collectors, and value manipulation: tax fraud through donation of antiquities
Yates, D. (2015) 'Museums, collectors, and value manipulation: tax fraud through donation of antiquities', Journal of Financial Crime, Vol. 23 No. 1
Do we need a Kimberley Process for the Illicit Antiquities Trade?
Mackenzie, S. (2015), 'Do we need a Kimberley Process for the Illicit Antiquities Trade?', Countering Illicit Traffic in Cultural Goods: The Global Challenge of Protecting the World’s Heritage, Paris: International Council of Museums, pp.151-162
The Internet Market in Antiquities
Brodie, N. (2015), 'The Internet Market in Antiquities', Countering Illicit Traffic in Cultural Goods: The Global Challenge of Protecting the World’s Heritage, Paris: International Council of Museums, pp.11-20
Illicit Cultural Property from Latin America: Looting, Trafficking and Sale
Yates, D. (2015), 'Illicit Cultural Property from Latin America: Looting, Trafficking and Sale', Countering Illicit Traffic in Cultural Goods: The Global Challenge of Protecting the World’s Heritage, Paris: International Council of Museums, pp.33-46
Value and doubt: the persuasive power of ‘authenticity’ in the antiquities market
Yates, D. (2015) Value and doubt: the persuasive power of 'authenticity' in the antiquities market. PARSE: Platform for Artistic Work Sweden 2: pp.71–84.
Organised Crime in Scotland
Cavanagh, B., Hamilton-Smith, N. and Mackenzie, S. (2015), ‘Organised Crime in Scotland’, in Croall, H., Mooney, G. and Munro, M. (eds) Crime, Justice and Society in Scotland. Routledge
‘A Fracture in Time’: a cup attributed to the Euaion painter from the Bothmer Collection
Tsirogiannis, C., and Gill, D. W.J. (2014) ‘A Fracture in Time’: a cup attributed to the Euaion painter from the Bothmer Collection. International Journal of Cultural Property, 21 (4). pp. 465-480. (doi:10.1017/S0940739114000289).
Measuring Police Impact on Organised Crime: Performance Management and Harm Reduction
Mackenzie, S., and Hamilton-Smith, N. (2011) Measuring police impact on organised crime: performance management and harm reduction.Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 34 (1). pp. 7-30. ISSN 1363-951X
The Geometry of Shadows: a Critical Review of Organised Crime Risk Assessments
Hamilton-Smith, L.N. and Mackenzie, S. (2010),‘The Geometry of Shadows: A critical review of organised crime risk assessments’, Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy, Vol. 23, No.3, pp. 257-279.
Determining identity and nationality in local policing
Hamilton-Smith, L.N. and Patel, S. (2010), Determining identity and nationality in local policing, Home Office Research Report No. 42.
Counterfeiting as Corporate Externality: Intellectual Property Crime and Global Insecurity
Mackenzie, S. (2010) Counterfeiting as corporate externality : intellectual property crime and global insecurity.Crime, Law and Social Change, 54 (1). pp. 21-38. ISSN 1573-0751 (doi:10.1007/s10611-010-9246-5)
Information Resources on Organised Crime
Benson, K. and Lightowler, C. (2010), Information Resources on Organised Crime. SCCJR.
Girls, gangs and violence: Assessing the evidence
Batchelor, S. (2009) Girls, gangs and violence: assessing the evidence.Probation Journal, 56 (4). pp. 399-414. ISSN 0264-5505 (doi:10.1177/0264550509346501)
Protection against trafficking in cultural property
Mackenzie, S.M. (2009) Protection Against Trafficking In Cultural Property [Research Report]. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
Public Space CCTV in Scotland: Results of a National Survey of Scotland’s Local Authorities
Bannister, J., Mackenzie, S., and Norris, P (2009) Public Space CCTV in Scotland: Results of a National Survey of Scotland’s Local Authorities. Project Report. SCCJR Research Report No. 03/2009.
Identifying and Preventing Opportunities for Organised Crime in the International Antiquities Market
Mackenzie, S. (2009) 'Identifying and Preventing Opportunities for Organised Crime in the International Antiquities Market'. In: S. Manacorda (ed) Organised Crime in Art and Antiquities. Milan: CNPDS/ISPAC; 41 - 62.
Second-chance Punitivism and the Contractual Governance of Crime and Incivility: New Labour, Old Hobbes
Mackenzie, S. (2008) Second-chance punitivism and the contractual governance of crime and incivility: New Labour, old Hobbes.Journal of Law and Society, 35 (2). pp. 214-239. ISSN 0263-323X (doi:10.1111/j.1467-6478.2008.00436.x).
Performative Regulation: a Case Study in How Powerful People Avoid Criminal Labels
Mackenzie, S., and Green, P. (2008) Performative regulation: a case study in how powerful people avoid criminal labels.British Journal of Criminology, 48 (2). pp. 138-153. ISSN 0007-0955.
Transnational Crime, Local Denial
Mackenzie, S (2007) Transnational Crime, Local Denial.Social Justice, 34 (2). pp. 111-123. ISSN 1043-1578.
Systematic Crimes of the Powerful: Criminal Aspects of the Global Economy’
Mackenzie, S (2006) Systematic Crimes of the Powerful: Criminal Aspects of the Global Economy.Social Justice, 33 (1). pp. 162-182. ISSN 1043-1578.
Psychosocial Balance Sheets: Illicit Purchase Decisions in the Antiquities Market
Mackenzie, S (2006) Psychosocial Balance Sheets: Illicit Purchase Decisions in the Antiquities Market.Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 18 (2). pp. 221-240. ISSN 1034-5329.
Situationally Edited Empathy: An Effect of Socio-Economic Structure on Individual Choice
Mackenzie, S. (2006) Situationally edited empathy: an effect of socio-economic structure on individual choice.Critical Criminology, 14 (4). pp. 365-385. ISSN 1205-8629 (doi:10.1007/s10612-006-9005-1)
Criminalising the Market in Illicit Antiquities: an Evaluation of the Dealing in Cultural Objects (Offences) Act 2003
Mackenzie, S. and Green, P. (2009), ‘Criminalising the Market in Illicit Antiquities: an Evaluation of the Dealing in Cultural Objects (Offences) Act 2003 in England and Wales’, in S. Mackenzie and P. Green (eds.), Criminology and Archaeology: Studies in Looted Antiquities (Oxford: Hart).
Dealing in Cultural Objects: a New Criminal Law for the UK
Mackenzie, S (2007) Dealing in Cultural Objects: a New Criminal Law for the UK.Amicus Curiae: the Society for Advanced Legal Studies, 71 (Autumn). pp. 8-13. ISSN 1461-2097.
Ordinary Anxieties and States of Emergency: Statecraft and Spectatorship in the New Politics of Insecurity
Sparks, R. (2006) 'Ordinary Anxieties and States of Emergency: Statecraft and Spectatorship in the New Politics of Insecurity'. In: L. McAra and S. Armstrong (eds) Perspectives on Punishment: The Contours of Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 31 - 47.
Book Review: Understanding Political Violence by V. Ruggiero
Mackenzie, S., (2007), Review of 'Understanding Political Violence by Vincenzo Ruggiero', Crime Media Culture August 2007 vol. 3 no. 2 240-242, doi: 10.1177/17416590070030020703.
Related People

Ms Jennifer Hoolachan
Jennifer Hoolachan is a Lecturer in Sociology at Cardiff University and former SCCJR Research Assistant at the University of Stirling. Jenny’s research interests lie across several social science disciplines including sociology, social work, policy, human geography and criminology. In particular her research interests include: drug and alcohol use and its socio-spatial contexts;

Andy Clark
Andy’s main research interests focus on the multifaced impacts of deindustrialisation on working-class communities in Scotland, c.1980 to the present. In particular, his previous work has attempted to redress the male bias of extant research through considering the response of female manufacturing workers to proposed factory closure and subsequent redundancy. He has examined several...

Kelly Giles
Working Title of PhD: Unidentified and Disbelieved? A critical ethnographic exploration into the discourses and processes that surround the identification of child trafficking victims in Scotland. Year commenced PhD study: 2016 Institution/Organisation: University of Stirling Full or part-time: Part-time PhD Supervisors: Dr Margaret Malloch and Dr Paul...

Konstantinos-Kosmas Gaitis
Working Title of PhD: Shedding light on the ‘dark figure’ of human trafficking: Past experiences, problems of identification, secondary victimisation and future prospects for male victims of human trafficking in the UK Year commenced PhD study: 2017-2018 (full-time) Institution: University of Edinburgh Funding Source: Onassis Foundation PhD Supervisors: Professor Lesley McAra and Dr Steve...

Christos Tsirogiannis
Christos Tsirogiannis is former Research Assistant for the Scottish Centre for Criminal Justice Research at the University of Glasgow and member of the Trafficking Culture team. Dr Tsirogiannis, a Greek forensic archaeologist, studied archaeology and history of art in the University of Athens. He worked for the Greek Ministries of Culture and Justice from 1994 to 2008, excavating throughout...

Dr Adam Aitken
Adam is lecturer in Criminology at De Montfort University. He completed his PhD with SCCJR at the University of Glasgow and also has an MSc in Applied Social Research in Criminology from the University of Stirling and an Honours degree in Criminological studies from Abertay University. His areas of interest include: the securitisation of mega-sporting events and public spaces; the symbolic...

Annemiek Rhebergen
Working Title of PhD: Illicit antiquities trade in Argentina: the appropriateness of governmental policy to local socio-cultural contexts of looting Year commenced PhD study: 2013 (Full Time) University of Glasgow Funding source: ESRC studentship (2014-2016) College of Social Sciences stipend (2014-2016) Prince Bernhard Culture fund scholarship (2013-2014) Dr Hendrik Muller fund scholarship...

Dr Yarin Eski
Yarin completed his PhD – ‘The Port Securityscape: an Ethnocriminology’ – in 2015. His project researched, interdisciplinarily, everyday lives of port policing and security personnel who construct security in the transnational spaces of Nort Western European seaports. He analysed social realms of port security to shed light on how workers control and eliminate transnational...

Kathleen O’Donnell
Working Title of PhD: The Utility of Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 in Scotland Year commenced PhD study: 2012 (Part Time) Institution: Glasgow Caledonian University PhD Supervisors: Rhonda Wheate & Nick McKerrell Synopsis: The aim of this research to examine and critique the way the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act is applied in practice in...

Dr Shadi Whitburn
Shadi’s SCCJR PhD research project looked at the drug trafficking problem around the US-Mexico border communities, where widespread violence, corruption and fear of persecution has forced thousands of Mexican residents to abandon their homes and cross the border into the US in search of protection. The flow of Mexicans fleeing drug-related violence to seek asylum in the US is considered a...

Prof Jon Bannister
Jon is professor in the Department of Sociology at Manchester Metropolitan University. He was previously a senior lecturer in Urban Studies at Glasgow University, where he led the Crime and Communities network within SCCJR. Jon’s research interests include civility, tolerance, respect and the management of urban disorder. Crime (youth crime), the fear of crime, crime prevention and the...

Dr Neil Brodie
Neil Brodie is a former Senior Research Fellow at the Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research, investigating the international traffic in cultural objects. Neil is an archaeologist by training, and has held positions at the British School at Athens, the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research at the University of Cambridge, where he was Research Director of the Illicit Antiquities...

Dr Baris Cayli
Baylis studied Politics and Public Administration and was trained at Bilkent University, University of Amsterdam and the University of Twente before moving to Italy to get his PhD degree in Social Sciences on Work and Legality. His doctoral dissertation has sought to advance the fight against the Mafia by analyzing anti-Mafia movement in the country. He received his doctoral degree from the...

Tess Davis
For the past decade, Tess has devoted herself to fighting the pillage of ancient sites and trafficking of artifacts, particularly in Southeast Asia. She’s conducted extensive research on the illicit trade in Cambodian antiquities. She also conceptualized and implemented a number of exciting projects in the country, including an exhibition at Angkor Wat about threats facing the temple, a hotline...

Dr Niall Hamilton-Smith
Niall joined SCCJR in 2007 with his appointment as a Lecturer in Criminology at Stirling University. He previously worked at the Home Office, where he was a senior research officer in the policing research programme. Niall’s recent research activity has centred on organised immigration crime, the local impacts of organised crime, and developing harm-based measures of organised crime...

Prof Simon Mackenzie
Simon is a professor in the School of Social and Political Sciences at the University of Glasgow and a member of the criminological research staff at the Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research. He is a socio-legal criminologist with a law degree from Edinburgh followed by several years of legal practice, an MPhil in criminological research from Cambridge and a PhD in criminology from...

Dr Suzie Thomas
Suzie is University Lecturer in Museology a the University of Helsinki, Finland. Prior to working for SCCJR as a Research Associate on the Trafficking Culture project for two years, she worked at the Council for British Archaeology, a UK-wide educational charity based in York, as the Community Archaeology Support Officer. She did her first degree in Archaeology and Prehistory at the University...

Dr Donna Yates
Donna Yates is a Lecturer in Antiquities Trafficking and Art Crime at the Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research at the University of Glasgow. The goal of her research is explore the relationship between communities, governments, the law, and the operation of transnational criminal markets and to help develop regulatory mechanisms for controlling the illicit antiquities trade. She...